The fringing effect in photography is caused by two things, chromatic aberration or blooming. Both blooming and chromatic aberration are considered technical flaws in the process of capturing an image. Chromatic aberration is generally seen with traditional film cameras. Blooming is seen in digital photography. Some photographers try to correct fringing in photography software, while other photographers seek to use fringing as a visual effect in a frame.
Causes of Chromatic Aberration
Chromatic aberration is a lens defect. It produces color fringes around bright objects, usually at the edge of the frame, frequently when the object is set against a brighter background. The image will be clear to the eye, but a fringe of color will surround the image at its edges. The fringing may become more obvious if the image is enlarged. It also happens regularly with zoom lenses. To try to achieve this effect rather than avoid it, you can use traditional film stock with a zoom lens with a lot of light on your subject.
Causes of Blooming
Blooming is prevalent in digital photography. It occurs in areas of images that are overexposed. Different color channels react differently to being overexposed, so the edges react differently, and the areas of blooming vary. The fringes seen in blooming will be colored, like an outline around an object. Most manufacturers of digital cameras include an anti-blooming gate on the image sensor to minimize the fringing effect caused by blooming. To force a blooming or fringe effect with a digital camera, you could attempt to push the light on your subject to see if your camera will compensate for the overexposure or not.
Forcing
To force a chromatic aberration as an effect, you can try to artfully overexpose an image with high contrast. Place a black or dark object on a white background for high contrast. The object should have sharp edges on it to help force the effect, such as a cross shape. Use a working aperture of at least f/1.2 on your lens. The combined opening of the lens and high contrast background could give you an effect around the edges of the image in your photograph like chromatic aberration.
Unfocusing
You can also try to use autofocus on your image, then slightly unfocus manually. This may give you a fringe or chromatic aberration on your image, as long as you are shooting a bright image against a bright background. If you are inclined to spend time on the fringing effect, you can use a series of lenses, stepping down the f-stop as you go, to see if you can get the effect. Since the fringe effect is technically a softer focus on the edge of an image caused by the lens not working correctly, you may be able to create it in this manner.
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